Datenschutz | Website-Name

GLOSSARY

Terms from scaffolding and everything to do with FFC² briefly explained

A geometric representation that has only two dimensions: Height and width. There is no depth in a 2D space. Examples of 2D objects are drawings, pictures, graphics and diagrams that exist on a flat surface. 2D drawings are still frequently used on construction sites.

2D-Dimensioning

The static analysis of the relevant calculation groups (sections) in the 2D element structure. The applicability must be checked in individual cases.

A geometric representation that comprises three dimensions: Height, width and depth. In a 3D space, objects can be represented realistically as they have depth and volume. Examples of 3D objects are physical objects such as cubes, spheres or complex sculptures as well as digital models.

3D-Dimensioning

The static analysis of the entire configuration as a 3D element structure.

API - Application Programming Interface

Application Programming Interface (API) is a collection of rules and protocols that enable different software applications to communicate with each other. FFC² offers an open, programmable API for connecting i.e. to other CAD solutions.

Access and protective scaffold

The main purpose of access and protective scaffolding is to ensure accessibility and safety when working at height on construction sites. For this purpose, working levels are usually formed which can be reached ergonomically and safely via ladders and stair towers. The load is usually applied to the ledgers (working level).

Alu-prop system

Alu-Prop scaffoldings are working and protective scaffoldings in accordance with DIN EN 12811-1 or shoring in accordance with DIN EN 12812 with the aid of DIN EN 16031 and other applicable regulations. They differ from other system scaffoldings through the use of aluminum props, usually combined with inseparable retractable spindles and aluminum bracing frames that can be positioned at any height on the props.

Application guidelines

Application guidelines to the code published by the DIBt.

BIM-data

The Building Information Modell data contains all Information on properties of the building and its subunits over the entire life cycle.

Bearing

Location and properties of the connection of the design object to the environment.

Boundary conditions

In the structural analysis, the external factors influencing the analysed system, e.g. bearings, loads, wind...

Bracings

Bracing generally strengthens other components in order to improve their load-bearing behavior. In scaffolding construction, bracings (frames, ledgers, struts) are used to strengthen the supports against moment and transverse forces.

CAD-data

Computer Aided Design data includes, position and display information of objects which are created by using EDP.

Calculation group

A section (scaffold plane) of an entire configuration, containing the objects for the 2D structural analysis.

Certification

Certifications are primarily issued by the DIBt for non-standardised components. This means that the manufacturing and design rules for these components and structurally identical parts are specified and made publically available (state of the art). In scaffolding construction, this generally affects the loose, friction-locked connections between the components.

Code

A legally recognised treatment of an issue negotiated by stakeholders (representing the state of the art in the widest sense). Produced and distributed by DIN-MEDIA GmbH.

Configuration

The process and result of positioning and linking different components to fulfil a common function.

Connection (tec.)

A connection is a coupling of two individual units in which at least one state variable can be transferred.

DIBt - German Institute of civil engineering

The German Institute of civil engineering is a technical authority and at the same time a service provider for the construction industry. With its approvals, authorisations and assessments, it has a central function in the German construction industry and ensures the safety of buildings. It also supports new developments in the construction industry.

Dead load

The component's own effects on the structure. In scaffolding construction, the dead loads of the scaffolding (wind and self-weight).

Dead load efficiency

The dead load efficiency is used to assess the performance of the projected scaffolding structure. How much load [kN] is carried by the material used [kg].

Design class (scaffolding)

DIN EN 12812 distinguishes between the design classes A, B1 and B2. Design class A may only be used if: - the cross-sectional area of the ceiling slabs does not exceed 0.30 m² per metre width - the cross-sectional area of the beams does not exceed 0.50 m², - the clear span of the beams and ceiling slabs must not exceed 6.00 metres, - the height to the underside of the object to be erected must be less than 3.50 metres. In addition, the scaffolding system must fulfil the requirements of DIN EN 12812 sections 5 and 7. If one of the above criteria does not apply, the shoring falls into design class B1 or B2. In class B, all details of the build-up must be documentated and the static system precisely discribed. On the construction site, drawings are required that show the shoring as layout and section. They must contain information on load assumptions, build-up and materials as well as the soil. Whereas in B1 every connection and every verification must be modeled precisely, in design class B2 the calculation effort can be reduced by assuming the hinged connections. Howeve an additional safety margin of 15% must be taken into account.

Dimensioning

The process of calculating and defining dimensions, materials and other relevant parameters for technical systems or components.

Element structure

An element structure is a structural model consisting of individual bars (linear two knote elements) that are connected to each other by joints or other connections. This structure is often used in construction and engineering to bear loads and ensure stability.

Element structure analysis

Element structure analysis is the simplest form of structural analysis, usually using linear, two-dimensional, two-point elements (bars).

FFC²-Configurator

3D CAD configuration tool for quick and easy configuration of scaffolding structures within a clearance.

FFC²-Software

Force Flow Control and Configuration, the innovative scaffolding planning and dimensioning software for the efficient design of shoring. By linking configuration and structural analysis directly, FFC² enables the planning of optimal scaffolding in terms of material utilisation and safety through precise force flow control!

FFC²-Structural Interpreter

The FFC² Structural Interpreter provides automatic element structure generation for 2D structural analysis, including all non-linearities, looses, pre-deformations and force interactions.

Force

The reaction forces (internal forces) acting in an object as a result of a load.

Force-Flow

Describes the path of the force through an object - forces take the path of highest stiffness.

Force-locking

Transmission of one force quantity as a function of a second, e.g. friction.

Force-locking connection

A connection in which the transmissible force is directly dependent on a second force, e.g. friction.

Formwork

Formwork is an auxiliary shaping structure for almost all concrete structures and concrete components. Formwork is usually a temporary mold into which concrete or similar materials are poured. High accuracy is required, which in many cases must be coupled with sufficient load-bearing capacity. As part of the concrete construction, the shoring supports the formwork molds.

Frame bracings

A bracing of a scaffolding arranged between two upright components to bear horizontal loads. Frames combine the stiffening effect of diagonals and ledgers to form a shear field.

Heavy-duty shoring scaffold

Heavy-duty shoring is a particularly robust and stable form of shoring. It is generally designed in accordance with the steel construction regulations for permanent structures, indivdually designed for the project.

Industrial scaffolding

Industrial scaffolding is mostly used for maintenance and repair work on machines and facilities in industry. The requirements include both accessibility and load-bearing capacity in often narrow spaces. The requirements result from the wide load spectrum, the load is applied both from the working levels (on the ledgers) and from the support (at the head).

Joke

In scaffolding construction, this refers to the coupling of more than two supports in one direction. The loads are beared together as a disk.

Ladger bracings

A bracing of a scaffolding arranged between two upright components to transfer horizontal loads. Ledgers are often used in combination with diagonal braces to form a shear field.

Load Transfer

Transfer of the load via a structure into sufficiently robust bearings.

Load distribution beam (LDB)

Load-distributing beams distribute the load assigned to them via the load introduction area to their bearings as multi-span or continuous beams. In shoring for formwork, load distribution is usually realised by a double layer of secondary beams (multi-span beams) and perpendicular primary beams (continuous beams).

Load object

The task object, from which the loads on the support structure origin. In shoring, often the formwork and the building.

Load transfer area

The load assigned to a component based on its position relative to the load's point of origin.

Load | Loading

The energy acting on an object.

Loose connection

A connection in which the frictional connection only takes place after a clearance has been overcome.

MVV - Model administrative regulation

The sample administrative regulation is a document or guideline that serves as a template to standardise the administration and handling of certain processes or tasks. It provides a structured approach and helps to assure consistent standards.

Modular scaffolding system | System scaffolding

Modular scaffolding systems are scaffolding construction kits that make it possible to create scaffolding structures from prefabricated series components with defined connection points and properties, which can be assembled and dismantled non-destructively.

Plate scaffolding system | Layher system

Plate or ring scaffolding is working and protective scaffolding in accordance with DIN EN 12811-1 or DIN 4420-1, shoring in accordance with DIN EN 12812 or other temporary constructions. They differ from other system scaffoldings through the use of interlocking discs (rosettes) to which ledgers and diagonals are connected.

Plywood
Lagging

The plywood forms the moulding top layer of the formwork. A distinction is made between self-supporting plywood and facing formwork; self-supporting plywood can be mounted directly on the supporting structure, facing formwork is supported by beams.

Primary beam

Primary beams in scaffolding construction rest in the head forks of the spindles and form the bearings of the secondary beams. They transfer the loads collected via the secondary beams from the object to the scaffolding spindles.

Scaffold design

The planning process in scaffolding, from the building object to the scaffolding planning (incl. dismantling and haul-off!).

Scaffold plane

2D plane (section, row of up-rights) of an entire 3D build-up.

Secondary beam | Formwork beam

Formwork beams (secondary beams) form the first layer of beams under the formwork facing; the spacing between the formwork beams is determined by the load-bearing capacity of the formwork facing.

Shoring scaffold

Shoring is used to temporarily support an overlying structure. This is usually the load-bearing structure for supporting i.e. machines and buildings. The load is usually applied to the spindle head; in contrast to other scaffoldings, shoring scaffolding usually does not have a working platform in the intermediate levels (on the ledgers).

Standard configuration | Standard assembly

A system configuration verified by the manufacturer, usually with limit loads approved by the DIBt (type certification) or the manufacturer.

Structure analysis

Structural analysis means the calculation of stresses, deformations and other mechanical properties of materials and structures.

Struts | Diagonals

Struts or diagonal braces are used in scaffolding to transfer horizontal forces. The loads are not transfered as bending moments, but via a pair of tension and compression struts, which allows the normal force-bearing capacity of the cross-section to be utilized.

Superimposed load

The external effects on the structure. In scaffolding, generally the loads applied to the head spindles from the structure.

Support Scaffold

Support scaffoldings includes industrial, shoring and heavy-duty scaffoldings. The decisive loads are vertical loads.

System configuration | Build-up

A scaffold that is designed through the specific combination of components of a scaffolding system.

Technical building regulations

Technical building regulations are regulations and specifications that relate to the planning, execution and operation of buildings. They serve to ensure the safety, functionality, sustainability and quality of construction projects.

Theory 2nd Order

The theory of 2nd order statics refers to the analysis of stable and unstable equilibrium states in static systems, where the effects of large displacements or deformations are taken into account. In contrast to the theory of 1st order statics, which only assumes small deformations, 2nd order statics also takes into account geometric non-linearity, i.e. the change in structure and its influence on the forces in the system. This is particularly relevant for highly stressed or unstable structures, such as slender components (scaffolds).

Type certification

Type tests provide the static and structural approval for the use of series components under the intended application conditions. In scaffolding construction, it is usual for the proof of stability for standardised superstructures (type sheets) to be provided by a type certification. The type certification is carried out by the DIBt.

Type sheet

The data sheet for a system scaffold describes a specific standardised structure and its boundary conditions, including the limit load.

Up-right | Support | Standard

Up-rights are vertical, bar-like components that transfer vertical loads as compression bars to the bearings. In scaffolding construction, several up-rights are connected by bracings to form a scaffold.

Utilisation check - Force flow control

Comparison of the existing force with the permissible force (Ed/Rd ≤ 1). Series components have fixed properties that are ensured by a production control, which means that utilisation control takes the place of classic dimensioning.